CGAL 6.1 - 3D Triangulations

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CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS > Class Template Reference
Reference Manual » Triangulation Classes

`#include <CGAL/Delaunay_triangulation_3.h>`

## Inherits from

CGAL::Triangulation_3< Traits, Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP >::Triangulation_data_structure, SLDS >.

## Definition

template<typename Traits, typename TDS, typename LP, typename SLDS>
class CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >

The class `Delaunay_triangulation_3` represents a three-dimensional Delaunay triangulation.

Template Parameters

  Traits | is the geometric traits class and must be a model of `DelaunayTriangulationTraits_3`.
  TDS | is the triangulation data structure and must be a model of `TriangulationDataStructure_3`. `Default` may be used, with default type `Triangulation_data_structure_3<Triangulation_vertex_base_3<Traits>, Delaunay_triangulation_cell_base_3<Traits> >`. Any custom type can be used instead of `Triangulation_vertex_base_3` and `Delaunay_triangulation_cell_base_3`, provided that they are models of the concepts `TriangulationVertexBase_3` and `DelaunayTriangulationCellBase_3`, respectively.
  LP | is a tag which must be a `Location_policy<Tag>`: either `CGAL::Fast_location` or `CGAL::Compact_location`. `CGAL::Fast_location` offers faster ( \(O(\log n)\) time) point location, which can be beneficial when performing point locations or random point insertions (with no good location hint) in large data sets. It is currently implemented using an additional triangulation hierarchy data structure [12]. The default is `CGAL::Compact_location`, which saves memory (3-5%) by avoiding the need for this separate data structure, and point location is then performed roughly in \(O(n^{1/3})\) time. If the triangulation is parallel (see user manual), the default compact location policy must be used. Note that this argument can also come in second position, which can be useful when the default value for the `TDS` parameter is satisfactory (this is achieved using so-called deduced parameters). Note that this argument replaces the functionality provided before CGAL 3.6 by `Triangulation_hierarchy_3`. An example of use can be found in the user manual Fast Point Location for Delaunay Triangulations.
  SLDS | is an optional parameter to specify the type of the spatial lock data structure. It must be a model of the `SurjectiveLockDataStructure` concept, with `object` being a `Point` (as defined below). It is only used if the triangulation data structure used is concurrency-safe (i.e. when `TDS::Concurrency_tag` is `CGAL::Parallel_tag`). The default value is `Spatial_lock_grid_3<Tag_priority_blocking>` if the triangulation data structure is concurrency-safe, and `void` otherwise. In order to use concurrent operations, the user must provide a reference to a `SurjectiveLockDataStructure` instance via the constructor or `Triangulation_3::set_lock_data_structure()`.

If `TDS::Concurrency_tag` is `CGAL::Parallel_tag`, some operations, such as insertion/removal of a range of points, are performed in parallel. See the documentation of the operations for more details.

See also
  `CGAL::Triangulation_3`
  `CGAL::Regular_triangulation_3`

Examples
  Triangulation_3/adding_handles_3.cpp, Triangulation_3/color.cpp, Triangulation_3/copy_triangulation_3.cpp, Triangulation_3/draw_triangulation_3.cpp, Triangulation_3/fast_location_3.cpp, Triangulation_3/find_conflicts_3.cpp, Triangulation_3/info_insert_with_pair_iterator.cpp, Triangulation_3/info_insert_with_transform_iterator.cpp, Triangulation_3/info_insert_with_zip_iterator.cpp, Triangulation_3/parallel_insertion_in_delaunay_3.cpp, Triangulation_3/segment_cell_traverser_3.cpp, and Triangulation_3/segment_simplex_traverser_3.cpp.

## Types
typedef Traits | Geom_traits
typedef TDS | Triangulation_data_structure
typedef LP | Location_policy
typedef SLDS | Lock_data_structure
In addition to those inherited, the following types are defined, for use by the construction of the Voronoi diagram:
typedef Geom_traits::Line_3 | Line
typedef Geom_traits::Ray_3 | Ray
typedef Geom_traits::Plane_3 | Plane
typedef Geom_traits::Object_3 | Object

## Creation
| Delaunay_triangulation_3 (const Geom_traits &traits=Geom_traits(), Lock_data_structure *lock_ds=nullptr)
| Creates an empty Delaunay triangulation, possibly specifying a traits class `traits`.
| Delaunay_triangulation_3 (const Delaunay_triangulation_3 &dt1)
| Copy constructor.
template<class InputIterator >
| Delaunay_triangulation_3 (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const Geom_traits &traits=Geom_traits(), Lock_data_structure *lock_ds=nullptr)
| Equivalent to constructing an empty triangulation with the optional traits class argument and calling `insert(first,last)`.
template<class InputIterator >
| Delaunay_triangulation_3 (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Lock_data_structure *lock_ds, const Geom_traits &traits=Geom_traits())
| Same as before, with last two parameters in reverse order.

## Insertion
Vertex_handle | insert (const Point &p, Cell_handle start=Cell_handle(), bool *could_lock_zone=nullptr)
| Inserts the point `p` in the triangulation and returns the corresponding vertex.
Vertex_handle | insert (const Point &p, Vertex_handle hint, bool *could_lock_zone=nullptr)
| Same as above but uses `hint` as a starting place for the search.
Vertex_handle | insert (const Point &p, Locate_type lt, Cell_handle loc, int li, int lj, bool *could_lock_zone=nullptr)
| Inserts the point `p` in the triangulation and returns the corresponding vertex.
template<class PointInputIterator >
std::ptrdiff_t | insert (PointInputIterator first, PointInputIterator last)
| Inserts the points in the iterator range `[first,last)`.
template<class PointWithInfoInputIterator >
std::ptrdiff_t | insert (PointWithInfoInputIterator first, PointWithInfoInputIterator last)
| Inserts the points in the iterator range `[first,last)`.

## Displacement
Vertex_handle | move_if_no_collision (Vertex_handle v, const Point &p)
| If there is not already another vertex placed on `p`, the triangulation is modified such that the new position of vertex `v` is `p`, and `v` is returned.
Vertex_handle | move (Vertex_handle v, const Point &p)
| If there is no collision during the move, this function is the same as `move_if_no_collision` .

## Removal
When a vertex `v` is removed from a triangulation, all the cells incident to `v` must be removed, and the polyhedral region consisting of all the tetrahedra that are incident to `v` must be re-triangulated. So, the problem reduces to triangulating a polyhedral region, while preserving its boundary, or to compute a constrained* triangulation. This is known to be sometimes impossible: the Schönhardt polyhedron cannot be triangulated [19]. However, when dealing with Delaunay triangulations, the case of such polyhedra that cannot be re-triangulated cannot happen, so CGAL proposes a vertex removal. If,due to some point removals, the size of the Delaunay triangulation decreases drastically, it might be interesting to defragment the `CGAL::Compact_container` (used by the `Triangulation_data_structure_3`).
void | remove (Vertex_handle v)
| Removes the vertex `v` from the triangulation.
bool | remove (Vertex_handle v, bool *could_lock_zone)
| Removes the vertex `v` from the triangulation.
template<typename InputIterator >
int | remove (InputIterator first, InputIterator beyond)
| Removes the vertices specified by the iterator range `[first, beyond)`.
template<typename InputIterator >
int | remove_cluster (InputIterator first, InputIterator beyond)
| This function has exactly the same result and the same preconditions as `remove(first, beyond)`.

## Queries
Bounded_side | side_of_sphere (Cell_handle c, const Point &p) const
| Returns a value indicating on which side of the circumscribed sphere of `c` the point `p` lies.
Bounded_side | side_of_circle (const Facet &f, const Point &p) const
| Returns a value indicating on which side of the circumscribed circle of `f` the point `p` lies.
Bounded_side | side_of_circle (Cell_handle c, int i, const Point &p)
| Same as the previous method for facet `i` of cell `c`.
Vertex_handle | nearest_vertex (const Point &p, Cell_handle c=Cell_handle())
| Returns any nearest vertex to the point `p`, or the default constructed handle if the triangulation is empty.
Vertex_handle | nearest_vertex_in_cell (const Point &p, Cell_handle c)
| Returns the vertex of the cell `c` that is nearest to \( p\).
A point `p` is said to be in conflict with a cell `c` in dimension 3 (resp. a facet `f` in dimension 2) iff `dt.side_of_sphere(c, p)` (resp. `dt.side_of_circle(f, p)`) returns `ON_BOUNDED_SIDE`. The set of cells (resp. facets in dimension 2) which are in conflict with `p` is connected, and it forms a hole.
template<class OutputIteratorBoundaryFacets , class OutputIteratorCells >
std::pair< OutputIteratorBoundaryFacets, OutputIteratorCells > | find_conflicts (const Point &p, Cell_handle c, OutputIteratorBoundaryFacets bfit, OutputIteratorCells cit, bool *could_lock_zone=nullptr)
| Computes the conflict hole induced by `p`.
template<class OutputIteratorBoundaryFacets , class OutputIteratorCells , class OutputIteratorInternalFacets >
Triple< OutputIteratorBoundaryFacets, OutputIteratorCells, OutputIteratorInternalFacets > | find_conflicts (const Point &p, Cell_handle c, OutputIteratorBoundaryFacets bfit, OutputIteratorCells cit, OutputIteratorInternalFacets ifit, bool *could_lock_zone=nullptr)
| Same as the other `find_conflicts()` function, except that it also computes the internal facets, i.e. the facets common to two cells which are in conflict with `p`.
template<class OutputIterator >
OutputIterator | vertices_in_conflict (const Point &p, Cell_handle c, OutputIterator res)
template<class OutputIterator >
OutputIterator | vertices_on_conflict_zone_boundary (const Point &p, Cell_handle c, OutputIterator res)
| Similar to `find_conflicts()`, but reports the vertices which are on the boundary of the conflict hole of `p`, in the output iterator `res`.
A face (cell, facet or edge) is said to be a Gabriel face iff its smallest circumscribing sphere do not enclose any vertex of the triangulation. Any Gabriel face belongs to the Delaunay triangulation, but the reciprocal is not true. The following member functions test the Gabriel property of Delaunay faces.
bool | is_Gabriel (Cell_handle c, int i)
bool | is_Gabriel (Cell_handle c, int i, int j)
bool | is_Gabriel (const Facet &f)
bool | is_Gabriel (const Edge &e)

## Voronoi Diagram
CGAL offers several functionalities to display the Voronoi diagram of a set of points in 3D. Note that the user should use a kernel with exact constructions in order to guarantee the computation of the Voronoi diagram (as opposed to computing the triangulation only, which requires only exact predicates).
Point | dual (Cell_handle c) const
| Returns the circumcenter of the four vertices of c.
Object | dual (Facet f) const
| Returns the dual of facet `f`, which is.
Object | dual (Cell_handle c, int i) const
| same as the previous method for facet `(c,i)`.
Line | dual_support (Cell_handle c, int i) const
| returns the line supporting the dual of the facet.
template<class Stream >
Stream & | draw_dual (Stream &os)
| Sends the set of duals to all the facets of `dt` into `os`.

## Checking
These methods are mainly a debugging help for the users of advanced features.
bool | is_valid (bool verbose=false) const
| Checks the combinatorial validity of the triangulation and the validity of its geometric embedding (see Section Representation).
bool | is_valid (Cell_handle c, bool verbose=false) const
| This is a function for debugging purpose.

## Additional Inherited Members
Static Public Member Functions inherited from CGAL::Triangulation_utils_3
static unsigned int | next_around_edge (unsigned int i, unsigned int j)
static int | vertex_triple_index (const int i, const int j)
static unsigned int | ccw (unsigned int i)
static unsigned int | cw (unsigned int i)

## Constructor & Destructor Documentation

## ◆ Delaunay_triangulation_3() [1/3]

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >

CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::Delaunay_triangulation_3 | ( | const Geom_traits & | traits = `Geom_traits()`,
|  | Lock_data_structure * | lock_ds = `nullptr`
| ) |  |

Creates an empty Delaunay triangulation, possibly specifying a traits class `traits`.

`lock_ds` is an optional pointer to the lock data structure for parallel operations. It must be provided if concurrency is enabled.

## ◆ Delaunay_triangulation_3() [2/3]

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >

CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::Delaunay_triangulation_3 | ( | const Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS > & | dt1 | ) |

Copy constructor.

The pointer to the lock data structure is not copied. Thus, the copy won't be concurrency-safe as long as the user has not called `Triangulation_3::set_lock_data_structure()`.

## ◆ Delaunay_triangulation_3() [3/3]

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >
template<class InputIterator >

CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::Delaunay_triangulation_3 | ( | InputIterator | first,
|  | InputIterator | last,
|  | const Geom_traits & | traits = `Geom_traits()`,
|  | Lock_data_structure * | lock_ds = `nullptr`
| ) |  |

Equivalent to constructing an empty triangulation with the optional traits class argument and calling `insert(first,last)`.

If parallelism is enabled, the points will be inserted in parallel.

## Member Function Documentation

## ◆ dual() [1/2]

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >

Point CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::dual | ( | Cell_handle | c | ) | const

Returns the circumcenter of the four vertices of c.

Precondition
  `dt`.`dimension()` \( =3\) and `c` is not infinite.

## ◆ dual() [2/2]

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >

Object CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::dual | ( | Facet | f | ) | const

Returns the dual of facet `f`, which is.

in dimension 3: either a segment, if the two cells incident to `f` are finite, or a ray, if one of them is infinite;

in dimension 2: a point.

Precondition
  `dt`.`dimension()` \( \geq2\) and `f` is not infinite.

## ◆ dual_support()

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >

Line CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::dual_support | ( | Cell_handle | c,
|  | int | i
| ) |  | const

returns the line supporting the dual of the facet.

Precondition
  `dt`.`dimension()` \( \geq2\) and `f` is not infinite.

## ◆ find_conflicts() [1/2]

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >
template<class OutputIteratorBoundaryFacets , class OutputIteratorCells >

std::pair< OutputIteratorBoundaryFacets, OutputIteratorCells > CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::find_conflicts | ( | const Point & | p,
|  | Cell_handle | c,
|  | OutputIteratorBoundaryFacets | bfit,
|  | OutputIteratorCells | cit,
|  | bool * | could_lock_zone = `nullptr`
| ) |  |

Computes the conflict hole induced by `p`.

The starting cell (resp. facet) `c` must be in conflict. Then this function returns respectively in the output iterators:

- `cit`: the cells (resp. facets) in conflict.
- `bfit`: the facets (resp. edges) on the boundary, that is, the facets (resp. edges) `(t, i)` where the cell (resp. facet) `t` is in conflict, but `t->neighbor(i)` is not.
- `could_lock_zone`: The optional argument `could_lock_zone` is used by the concurrency-safe version of the triangulation. If the pointer is not null, the algorithm will try to lock all the cells of the conflict zone, i.e. all the vertices that are inside or on the boundary of the conflict zone (as a result, the boundary cells become partially locked). If it succeeds, `*could_lock_zone` is true, otherwise it is false (and the returned conflict zone is only partial). In any case, the locked cells are not unlocked by the function, leaving this choice to the user.

This function can be used in conjunction with `insert_in_hole()` in order to decide the insertion of a point after seeing which elements of the triangulation are affected. Returns the pair composed of the resulting output iterators.

Precondition
  `dt`.`dimension()` \( \geq2\), and `c` is in conflict with `p`.

## ◆ find_conflicts() [2/2]

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >
template<class OutputIteratorBoundaryFacets , class OutputIteratorCells , class OutputIteratorInternalFacets >

Triple< OutputIteratorBoundaryFacets, OutputIteratorCells, OutputIteratorInternalFacets > CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::find_conflicts | ( | const Point & | p,
|  | Cell_handle | c,
|  | OutputIteratorBoundaryFacets | bfit,
|  | OutputIteratorCells | cit,
|  | OutputIteratorInternalFacets | ifit,
|  | bool * | could_lock_zone = `nullptr`
| ) |  |

Same as the other `find_conflicts()` function, except that it also computes the internal facets, i.e. the facets common to two cells which are in conflict with `p`.

Then this function returns respectively in the output iterators:

- `cit`: the cells (resp. facets) in conflict.
- `bfit`: the facets (resp. edges) on the boundary, that is, the facets (resp. edges) `(t, i)` where the cell (resp. facet) `t` is in conflict, but `t->neighbor(i)` is not.
- `ifit`: the facets (resp. edges) inside the hole, that is, delimiting two cells (resp facets) in conflict.
- `could_lock_zone`: The optional argument `could_lock_zone` is used by the concurrency-safe version of the triangulation. If the pointer is not null, the algorithm will try to lock all the cells of the conflict zone, i.e. all the vertices that are inside or on the boundary of the conflict zone (as a result, the boundary cells become partially locked). If it succeeds, `*could_lock_zone` is true, otherwise it is false (and the returned conflict zone is only partial). In any case, the locked cells are not unlocked by the function, leaving this choice to the user.

Returns the `Triple` composed of the resulting output iterators.

Precondition
  `dt`.`dimension()` \( \geq2\), and `c` is in conflict with `p`.

## ◆ insert() [1/4]

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >

Vertex_handle CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::insert | ( | const Point & | p,
|  | Cell_handle | start = `Cell_handle()`,
|  | bool * | could_lock_zone = `nullptr`
| ) |  |

Inserts the point `p` in the triangulation and returns the corresponding vertex.

Similar to the insertion in a triangulation, but ensures in addition the empty sphere property of all the created faces. The optional argument `start` is used as a starting place for the search.

The optional argument `could_lock_zone` is used by the concurrency-safe version of the triangulation. If the pointer is not null, the insertion will try to lock all the cells of the conflict zone, i.e. all the vertices that are inside or on the boundary of the conflict zone. If it succeeds, `*could_lock_zone` is true, otherwise it is false and the return value is Vertex_handle() (the point is not inserted). In any case, the locked cells are not unlocked by the function, leaving this choice to the user.

Examples
  Triangulation_3/adding_handles_3.cpp, Triangulation_3/color.cpp, and Triangulation_3/find_conflicts_3.cpp.

## ◆ insert() [2/4]

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >

Vertex_handle CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::insert | ( | const Point & | p,
|  | Locate_type | lt,
|  | Cell_handle | loc,
|  | int | li,
|  | int | lj,
|  | bool * | could_lock_zone = `nullptr`
| ) |  |

Inserts the point `p` in the triangulation and returns the corresponding vertex.

Similar to the above `insert()` function, but takes as additional parameter the return values of a previous location query. See description of `Triangulation_3::locate()`.

## ◆ insert() [3/4]

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >
template<class PointInputIterator >

std::ptrdiff_t CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::insert | ( | PointInputIterator | first,
|  | PointInputIterator | last
| ) |  |

Inserts the points in the iterator range `[first,last)`.

Returns the number of inserted points. Note that this function is not guaranteed to insert the points following the order of `PointInputIterator`, as `spatial_sort()` is used to improve efficiency. If parallelism is enabled, the points will be inserted in parallel.

Template Parameters

  PointInputIterator | must be an input iterator with the value type `Point`.

## ◆ insert() [4/4]

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >
template<class PointWithInfoInputIterator >

std::ptrdiff_t CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::insert | ( | PointWithInfoInputIterator | first,
|  | PointWithInfoInputIterator | last
| ) |  |

Inserts the points in the iterator range `[first,last)`.

Returns the number of inserted points. Note that this function is not guaranteed to insert the points following the order of `PointWithInfoInputIterator`, as `spatial_sort()` is used to improve efficiency. If parallelism is enabled, the points will be inserted in parallel. Given a pair `(p,i)`, the vertex `v` storing `p` also stores `i`, that is `v.point() == p` and `v.info() == i`. If several pairs have the same point, only one vertex is created, and one of the objects of type `Vertex::Info` will be stored in the vertex.

Precondition
  `Vertex` must be model of the concept `TriangulationVertexBaseWithInfo_3`.

Template Parameters

  PointWithInfoInputIterator | must be an input iterator with the value type `std::pair<Point,Vertex::Info>`.

## ◆ is_valid() [1/2]

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >

bool CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::is_valid | ( | bool | verbose = `false` | ) | const

Checks the combinatorial validity of the triangulation and the validity of its geometric embedding (see Section Representation).

Also checks that all the circumscribing spheres (resp. circles in dimension 2) of cells (resp. facets in dimension 2) are empty. When `verbose` is set to true, messages describing the first invalidity encountered are printed.

## ◆ is_valid() [2/2]

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >

bool CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::is_valid | ( | Cell_handle | c,
|  | bool | verbose = `false`
| ) |  | const

This is a function for debugging purpose.

Debugging Support

Checks the combinatorial and geometric validity of the cell (see Section Representation). Also checks that the circumscribing sphere (resp. circle in dimension 2) of cells (resp. facet in dimension 2) is empty.

When `verbose` is set to true, messages are printed to give a precise indication of the kind of invalidity encountered.

## ◆ move()

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >

Vertex_handle CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::move | ( | Vertex_handle | v,
|  | const Point & | p
| ) |  |

If there is no collision during the move, this function is the same as `move_if_no_collision` .

Otherwise, `v` is removed and the vertex at point `p` is returned.

Precondition
  Vertex `v` must be finite.

## ◆ move_if_no_collision()

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >

Vertex_handle CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::move_if_no_collision | ( | Vertex_handle | v,
|  | const Point & | p
| ) |  |

If there is not already another vertex placed on `p`, the triangulation is modified such that the new position of vertex `v` is `p`, and `v` is returned.

Otherwise, the triangulation is not modified and the vertex at point `p` is returned.

Precondition
  Vertex `v` must be finite.

## ◆ nearest_vertex()

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >

Vertex_handle CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::nearest_vertex | ( | const Point & | p,
|  | Cell_handle | c = `Cell_handle()`
| ) |  |

Returns any nearest vertex to the point `p`, or the default constructed handle if the triangulation is empty.

The optional argument `c` is a hint specifying where to start the search.

Precondition
  `c` is a cell of `dt`.

## ◆ remove() [1/3]

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >
template<typename InputIterator >

int CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::remove | ( | InputIterator | first,
|  | InputIterator | beyond
| ) |  |

Removes the vertices specified by the iterator range `[first, beyond)`.

The number of vertices removed is returned. If parallelism is enabled, the points will be removed in parallel. Note that if at some step, the triangulation dimension becomes lower than 3, the removal of the remaining points will go on sequentially.

Precondition
  (i) all vertices of the range are finite vertices of the triangulation; and (ii) no vertices are repeated in the range.

Template Parameters

  InputIterator | must be an input iterator with value type `Vertex_handle`.

## ◆ remove() [2/3]

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >

void CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::remove | ( | Vertex_handle | v | ) |

Removes the vertex `v` from the triangulation.

Precondition
  `v` is a finite vertex of the triangulation.

## ◆ remove() [3/3]

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >

bool CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::remove | ( | Vertex_handle | v,
|  | bool * | could_lock_zone
| ) |  |

Removes the vertex `v` from the triangulation.

This function is concurrency-safe if the triangulation is concurrency-safe. It will first try to lock all the cells adjacent to `v`. If it succeeds, `*could_lock_zone` is true, otherwise it is false (and the point is not removed). In any case, the locked cells are not unlocked by the function, leaving this choice to the user.

This function will try to remove `v` only if the removal does not decrease the dimension.

The return value is only meaningful if `*could_lock_zone` is `true`:

- returns true if the vertex was removed
- returns false if the vertex wasn't removed since it would decrease the dimension.

Precondition
  `v` is a finite vertex of the triangulation.
  `dt`.`dimension()` \( =3\).

## ◆ remove_cluster()

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >
template<typename InputIterator >

int CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::remove_cluster | ( | InputIterator | first,
|  | InputIterator | beyond
| ) |  |

This function has exactly the same result and the same preconditions as `remove(first, beyond)`.

The difference is in the implementation and efficiency. This version does not re-triangulate the hole after each point removal but only after removing all vertices. This is more efficient if (and only if) the removed points are organized in a small number of connected components of the Delaunay triangulation. Another difference is that there is no parallel version of this function.

Template Parameters

  InputIterator | must be an input iterator with value type `Vertex_handle`.

## ◆ side_of_circle()

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >

Bounded_side CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::side_of_circle | ( | const Facet & | f,
|  | const Point & | p
| ) |  | const

Returns a value indicating on which side of the circumscribed circle of `f` the point `p` lies.

More precisely, it returns:

- in dimension 3:
- For a finite facet, `ON_BOUNDARY` if `p` lies on the circle, `ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE` when it lies in the exterior of the disk, `ON_BOUNDED_SIDE` when it lies in its interior.
- For an infinite facet, it considers the plane defined by the finite facet of the same cell, and does the same as in dimension 2 in this plane.
- in dimension 2:
- For a finite facet, `ON_BOUNDARY` if `p` lies on the circle, `ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE` when it lies in the exterior of the disk, `ON_BOUNDED_SIDE` when it lies in its interior.
- For an infinite facet, `ON_BOUNDARY` if the point lies on the finite edge of `f` (endpoints included), `ON_BOUNDED_SIDE` for a point in the open half plane defined by `f` and not containing any other point of the triangulation, `ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE` elsewhere.
  Precondition
    `dt`.`dimension()` \( \geq2\) and in dimension 3, `p` is coplanar with `f`.

## ◆ side_of_sphere()

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >

Bounded_side CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::side_of_sphere | ( | Cell_handle | c,
|  | const Point & | p
| ) |  | const

Returns a value indicating on which side of the circumscribed sphere of `c` the point `p` lies.

More precisely, it returns:

- `ON_BOUNDED_SIDE` if `p` is inside the sphere. For an infinite cell this means that `p` lies strictly either in the half space limited by its finite facet and not containing any other point of the triangulation, or in the interior of the disk circumscribing the finite facet.
- `ON_BOUNDARY` if p on the boundary of the sphere. For an infinite cell this means that `p` lies on the circle circumscribing the finite facet.
- `ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE` if `p` lies outside the sphere. For an infinite cell this means that `p` does not satisfy either of the two previous conditions.
  Precondition
    `dt`.`dimension()` \( =3\).

## ◆ vertices_in_conflict()

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >
template<class OutputIterator >

OutputIterator CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::vertices_in_conflict | ( | const Point & | p,
|  | Cell_handle | c,
|  | OutputIterator | res
| ) |  |

Deprecated:
  This function is renamed `vertices_on_conflict_zone_boundary` since CGAL-3.8.

## ◆ vertices_on_conflict_zone_boundary()

template<typename Traits , typename TDS , typename LP , typename SLDS >
template<class OutputIterator >

OutputIterator CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_3< Traits, TDS, LP, SLDS >::vertices_on_conflict_zone_boundary | ( | const Point & | p,
|  | Cell_handle | c,
|  | OutputIterator | res
| ) |  |

Similar to `find_conflicts()`, but reports the vertices which are on the boundary of the conflict hole of `p`, in the output iterator `res`.

Returns the resulting output iterator.

Precondition
  `dt`.`dimension()` \( \geq2\), and `c` is in conflict with `p`.