# Step 6: In-Depth System Introspection

In order to discover information about the system environment and the toolchain, CMake will often compile small test programs to verify the availability of compiler flags, headers, and builtins or other language constructs.

In this step, we will take advantage of the same test program mechanisms that CMake uses in our own project code.

## Background

An old trick going back to the oldest days of configuration and build systems is to verify the availability of some feature by compiling a small program which uses that feature.

CMake makes this unnecessary for many contexts. As we will address in later steps, if CMake can find a library dependency, we can rely on it having all the facilities (headers, code generators, test utilities, etc) we expect it to have. Conversely, if CMake can't find a dependency, attempting to use the dependency anyway will almost certainly fail.

However, there are other kinds of information about the toolchain which CMake doesn't communicate readily. For these advanced cases, we can write our own test programs and compile commands to check for availability.

CMake provides modules to simplify these checks. These are documented at `cmake-modules(7)`. Any module that begins with `Check` is a system introspection module we can use to interrogate the toolchain and system environment. Some notable ones include:

> `CheckIncludeFiles`

>   Check one or more C/C++ header files.

> `CheckCompilerFlag`

>   Check whether the compiler supports a given flag.

> `CheckSourceCompiles`

>   Checks whether source code can be built for a given language.

> `CheckIPOSupported`

>   Check whether the compiler supports interprocedural optimization (IPO/LTO).

## Exercise 1 - Check Include File

A fast and easy check to perform is if a given header file is available on a certain platform, for which CMake provides `CheckIncludeFiles`. This is most appropriate for system and intrinsic headers, which may not be provided by a specific package by are expected to be available in many build environments.

    include(CheckIncludeFiles)
    check_include_files(sys/socket.h HAVE_SYS_SOCKET_H LANGUAGE CXX)

Note

These functions are not immediately available in CMake, they must be added via `include()`'ing their associated module (aka, a CMakeLang file). Many modules live inside CMake's own `Modules` folder. This built-in `Modules` folder is one of the places CMake searches when evaluating an `include()` command. You can think of these modules like standard library headers, they're expected to be available.

Once a header file is known to exist, we can communicate that to our code using the same mechanisms of conditionals and target commands already covered.

### Goal

Check if the x86 SSE2 intrinsic header is available, and if so use it to improve `mathfunctions::sqrt`.

### Helpful Resources

- `CheckIncludeFiles`

- `target_compile_definitions()`

### Files to Edit

- `MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt`

- `MathFunctions/MathFunctions.cxx`

### Getting Started

The `Help/guide/tutorial/Step6` directory contains the complete, recommended solution to `Step5` and relevant `TODOs` for this step. It also contains specialized implementations of the `sqrt` function for various conditions, which you will find in `MathFunctions/MathFunctions.cxx`.

Complete `TODO 1` through `TODO 3`. Note that some `#ifdef` directives have already been added to the library, which will change its operation as we work through the step.

### Build and Run

We can use our usual commands to configure.

    cmake --preset tutorial
    cmake --build build

In the output of the configuration step we should observe CMake checking for the `emmintrin.h` header.

    -- Looking for include file emmintrin.h
    -- Looking for include file emmintrin.h - found

If the header is available on your system, verify the `Tutorial` output contains the message about using SSE2. Conversely, if the header is not available you should see the usual behavior from `Tutorial`.

### Solution

First we include and use the `CheckIncludeFiles` module, verifying the `emmintrin.h` header is available.

TODO 1: Click to show/hide answer
TODO 1: MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt

    include(CheckIncludeFiles)
    check_include_files(emmintrin.h HAS_EMMINTRIN LANGUAGE CXX)

Then we use the result of the check to conditionally set a compile definition on `MathFunctions`.

TODO 2: Click to show/hide answer
TODO 2: MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt

    if(HAS_EMMINTRIN)
      target_compile_definitions(MathFunctions PRIVATE TUTORIAL_USE_SSE2)
    endif()

Finally we can conditionally include the header in the `MathFunctions` library.

TODO 3: Click to show/hide answer
TODO 3: MathFunctions/MathFunctions.cxx

    #ifdef TUTORIAL_USE_SSE2
    #  include <emmintrin.h>
    #endif

## Exercise 2 - Check Source Compiles

Sometimes it is insufficient to merely check for a header. This is especially true when no header is available to check, such is the case with compiler-builtins. For these scenarios we have `CheckSourceCompiles`.

    include(CheckSourceCompiles)
    check_source_compiles(CXX
      "
        int main() {
          int a, b, c;
          __builtin_add_overflow(a, b, &c);
        }
      "
      HAS_CHECKED_ADDITION
    )

Note

By default `CheckSourceCompiles` builds and links an executable. The code to be check must provide a valid `int main()` in order to succeed.

After performing the check, this system introspection can be applied identically to how we discussed with header files.

### Goal

Check if the GNU SSE2 builtins are available, and if so use them to improve `mathfunctions::sqrt`.

### Helpful Resources

- `CheckSourceCompiles`

- `target_compile_definitions()`

### Files to Edit

- `MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt`

### Getting Started

Complete `TODO 4` and `TODO 5`. No code changes to the `MathFunctions` implementation are necessary, as these have already been provided.

### Build and Run

We need only rebuild the tutorial.

    cmake --build build

Note

If a check fails and you think it should succeed, you will need to clear the CMake Cache by deleting the `CMakeCache.txt` file. CMake will not rerun compile checks on subsequent runs if it has a cached result.

In the output of the configuration step we should observe CMake checking if the provided source code compiles, which will be reported under the variable name we provided to `check_source_compiles()`.

    -- Performing Test HAS_GNU_BUILTIN
    -- Performing Test HAS_GNU_BUILTIN - Success

If the builtins are available on your compiler, verify the `Tutorial` output contains the message about using GNU-builting. Conversely, if the builtins are not available you should see the previous behavior from `Tutorial`.

### Solution

First we include and use the `CheckSourceCompiles` module, verifying the provided source code can be built.

TODO 4: Click to show/hide answer
TODO 4: MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt

    include(CheckSourceCompiles)
    check_source_compiles(CXX
      [=[
        typedef double v2df __attribute__((vector_size(16)));
        int main() {
          __builtin_ia32_sqrtsd(v2df{});
        }
      ]=]
      HAS_GNU_BUILTIN
    )

Then we use the result of the check to conditionally set a compile definition on `MathFunctions`.

TODO 5: Click to show/hide answer
TODO 5: MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt

    if(HAS_GNU_BUILTIN)
      target_compile_definitions(MathFunctions PRIVATE TUTORIAL_USE_GNU_BUILTIN)
    endif()

## Exercise 3 - Check Interprocedural Optimization

Interprocedural and link time optimizations can provide significant performance improvements to some software. CMake has the capacity to check for the availability of IPO flags via `CheckIPOSupported`.

    include(CheckIPOSupported)
    check_ipo_supported() # fatal error if IPO is not supported
    set_target_properties(MyApp
      PROPERTIES
        INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION TRUE
    )

Note

There a couple important caveats with regard to in-project IPO configuration:

- CMake does not know about every IPO/LTO flag on every compiler, better results can often be achieved with individual tuning for a known toolchain.

- Setting the `INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION` property on a target does not alter any of the targets it links to, or dependencies from other projects. IPO can only "see" into other targets which are also compiled appropriately.

For these reasons, serious consideration should be given to manually setting up IPO/LTO flags across all projects in the dependency tree via external mechanisms (presets, `-D` flags, `toolchain files`, etc) instead of in-project control.

However, especially for extremely large projects, it can be useful to have an in-project mechanism to use IPO whenever it is available.

### Goal

Enable IPO for the entire tutorial project when it is available from the toolchain.

### Helpful Resources

- `CheckIPOSupported`

- `CMAKE_INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION`

### Files to Edit

- `CMakeLists.txt`

### Getting Started

Continue editing the files in `Step6`. Complete `TODO 6` and `TODO 7`.

### Build and Run

We need only rebuild the tutorial.

    cmake --build build

If IPO is unavailable, we will see an error message during configuration. Otherwise nothing will change.

Note

Regardless of the result of the IPO check, we shouldn't expect any change in behavior from `Tutorial` or `MathFunctions`.

### Solution

The first `TODO` is easy, we add another option to our project.

TODO 6: Click to show/hide answer
TODO 6: MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt

    option(TUTORIAL_ENABLE_IPO "Check for and use IPO support" ON)

The next step is involved, however the documentation for `CheckIPOSupported` has an almost complete example of what we need to do. The only difference is we are going to enable IPO project-wide instead of for a single target.

TODO 7: Click to show/hide answer
TODO 7: CMakeLists.txt

    if(TUTORIAL_ENABLE_IPO)
      include(CheckIPOSupported)
      check_ipo_supported(RESULT result OUTPUT output)
      if(result)
        set(CMAKE_INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION ON)
      else()
        message(WARNING "IPO is not supported ${message}")
      endif()
    endif()

Note

Normally we have discouraged setting `CMAKE_` variables inside the project. Here, we are controlling that behavior with an `option()`. This allows packagers to opt-out of our override. This is an imperfect, but acceptable solution to situations where we want to provide options to control project-wide behavior controlled by `CMAKE_` variables.