CGAL 6.2 - 2D Polygons

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User Manual

Authors
  Geert-Jan Giezeman and Wieger Wesselink

# Introduction

A polygon is a closed chain of edges. Several algorithms are available for polygons. For some of those algorithms, it is necessary that the polygon is simple. A polygon is simple if edges don't intersect, except consecutive edges, which intersect in their common vertex.

The following algorithms are available:

- find the leftmost, rightmost, topmost and bottommost vertex.
- compute the (signed) area.
- check if a polygon is simple.
- check if a polygon is convex.
- find the orientation (clockwise or counterclockwise)
- check if a point lies inside a polygon.

All those operations take two forward iterators as parameters in order to describe the polygon. These parameters have a point type as value type.

The type `Polygon_2` can be used to represent polygons. Polygons are dynamic. Vertices can be modified, inserted and erased. They provide the algorithms described above as member functions. Moreover, they provide ways of iterating over the vertices and edges.

The `Polygon_2` class is a wrapper around a container of points, but little more. Especially, computed values are not cached. That is, when the `Polygon_2::is_simple()` member function is called twice or more, the result is computed each time anew.

# Polygons with Holes and Multipolygons with Holes

This package also provides classes to represent polygons with holes and multipolygons with holes.

For polygons with holes, these are `Polygon_with_holes_2` and `General_polygon_with_holes_2`. They can store a polygon that represents the outer boundary and a sequence of polygons that represent the holes.

For multipolygons with holes, there is `Multipolygon_with_holes_2`. It stores a sequence of polygons with holes.

These classes do not add any semantic requirements on the simplicity or orientation of their boundary polygons.

# Examples

## The Polygon Class

The following example creates a polygon and illustrates the usage of some member functions.

Example: Polygon/Polygon.cpp

Show / Hide
#include <CGAL/Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel.h>
#include <CGAL/Polygon_2.h>
#include <iostream>
typedef CGAL::Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel K;
typedef K::Point_2 Point;
typedef CGAL::Polygon_2<K> Polygon_2;
using std::cout; using std::endl;
int main()
{
Point points[] = { Point(0,0), Point(5.1,0), Point(1,1), Point(0.5,6)};
Polygon_2 pgn(points, points+4);
// check if the polygon is simple.
cout << "The polygon is " <<
(pgn.is_simple() ? "" : "not ") << "simple." << endl;
// check if the polygon is convex
cout << "The polygon is " <<
(pgn.is_convex() ? "" : "not ") << "convex." << endl;
return 0;
}
CGAL::Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel
CGAL::Polygon_2
The class Polygon_2 implements polygons.
Definition: Polygon_2.h:65

## The Multipolygon with Holes Class

The following example shows the creation of a multipolygon with holes and the traversal of the polygons in it.

Example: Polygon/multipolygon.cpp

Show / Hide
#include <CGAL/Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel.h>
#include <CGAL/Multipolygon_with_holes_2.h>
using Kernel = CGAL::Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel;
using Point_2 = Kernel::Point_2;
using Polygon_2 = CGAL::Polygon_2<Kernel>;
using Polygon_with_holes_2 = CGAL::Polygon_with_holes_2<Kernel>;
using Multipolygon_with_holes_2 = CGAL::Multipolygon_with_holes_2<Kernel>;
int main() {
Point_2 p1_outer[] = {Point_2(0,0), Point_2(1,0), Point_2(1,1), Point_2(0,1)};
Point_2 p1_inner[] = {Point_2(0.2,0.2), Point_2(0.8,0.2), Point_2(0.8,0.8), Point_2(0.2,0.8)};
Polygon_with_holes_2 p1(Polygon_2(p1_outer, p1_outer+4));
Polygon_2 h(p1_inner, p1_inner+4);
p1.add_hole(h);
Point_2 p2_outer[] = {Point_2(0.4,0.4), Point_2(0.6,0.4), Point_2(0.6,0.6), Point_2(0.4,0.6)};
Polygon_with_holes_2 p2(Polygon_2(p2_outer, p2_outer+4));
Multipolygon_with_holes_2 mp;
mp.add_polygon_with_holes(p1);
mp.add_polygon_with_holes(p2);
for (auto const& p: mp.polygons_with_holes()) {
std::cout << p << std::endl;
}
return 0;
}
CGAL::Multipolygon_with_holes_2
The class Multipolygon_with_holes_2 models the concept MultipolygonWithHoles_2.
Definition: Multipolygon_with_holes_2.h:35
CGAL::Polygon_with_holes_2
The class Polygon_with_holes_2 models the concept GeneralPolygonWithHoles_2.
Definition: Polygon_with_holes_2.h:43
Kernel::Point_2
Kernel

Figure 15.1 A polygon and some points

## Algorithms Operating on Sequences of Points

The following example creates a polygon and illustrates the usage of some global functions that operate on sequences of points.

Example: Polygon/polygon_algorithms.cpp

Show / Hide
#include <CGAL/Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel.h>
#include <CGAL/Polygon_2_algorithms.h>
#include <iostream>
typedef CGAL::Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel K;
typedef K::Point_2 Point;
using std::cout; using std::endl;
void check_inside(Point pt, Point *pgn_begin, Point *pgn_end, K traits)
{
cout << "The point " << pt;
switch(CGAL::bounded_side_2(pgn_begin, pgn_end,pt, traits)) {
case CGAL::ON_BOUNDED_SIDE :
cout << " is inside the polygon.\n";
break;
case CGAL::ON_BOUNDARY:
cout << " is on the polygon boundary.\n";
break;
case CGAL::ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE:
cout << " is outside the polygon.\n";
break;
}
}
int main()
{
Point points[] = { Point(0,0), Point(5.1,0), Point(1,1), Point(0.5,6)};
// check if the polygon is simple.
cout << "The polygon is "
<< (CGAL::is_simple_2(points, points+4, K()) ? "" : "not ")
<< "simple." << endl;
check_inside(Point(0.5, 0.5), points, points+4, K());
check_inside(Point(1.5, 2.5), points, points+4, K());
check_inside(Point(2.5, 0), points, points+4, K());
return 0;
}
CGAL::bounded_side_2
Bounded_side bounded_side_2(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const Point &point, const PolygonTraits &traits)
Computes if a point lies inside a polygon.
CGAL::is_simple_2
bool is_simple_2(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const PolygonTraits &traits)
Checks if the polygon defined by the iterator range [first,last) is simple, that is,...
CGAL::ON_BOUNDARY
ON_BOUNDARY
CGAL::ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE
ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE
CGAL::ON_BOUNDED_SIDE
ON_BOUNDED_SIDE

## Polygons in 3D Space

Sometimes it is useful to run a 2D algorithm on 3D data. Polygons may be contours of a 3D object, where the contours are organized in parallel slices, generated by segmentation of image data from a scanner.

In order to avoid an explicit projection on the `xy` plane, one can use the traits class `Projection_traits_xy_3` which is part of the 2D and 3D Linear Geometric Kernel.

Example: Polygon/projected_polygon.cpp

Show / Hide
#include <CGAL/Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel.h>
#include <CGAL/Projection_traits_yz_3.h>
#include <CGAL/Polygon_2_algorithms.h>
#include <iostream>
typedef CGAL::Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel K;
typedef K::Point_3 Point_3;
int main()
{
Point_3 points[4] = { Point_3(0,1,1), Point_3(0,2,1), Point_3(0,2,2), Point_3(0,1,2) };
bool b = CGAL::is_simple_2(points,
points+4,
CGAL::Projection_traits_yz_3<K>());
if (!b){
std::cerr << "Error polygon is not simple" << std::endl;
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
CGAL::Projection_traits_yz_3
Kernel::Point_3

## Iterating over Vertices and Edges

The polygon class provides member functions such as `Polygon_2::vertices_begin()` and `Polygon_2::vertices_end()` to iterate over the vertices. It additionally provides a member function `Polygon_2::vertices()` that returns a range, mainly to be used with modern `for` loops. The same holds for edges and for the holes of the class `Polygon_with_holes_2`.

Example: Polygon/ranges.cpp

Show / Hide
#include <CGAL/Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel.h>
#include <CGAL/Polygon_2.h>
typedef CGAL::Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel K;
typedef CGAL::Polygon_2<K> Polygon_2;
typedef K::Point_2 Point_2;
typedef K::Segment_2 Segment_2;
int main()
{
// create a polygon and put some points in it
Polygon_2 p;
p.push_back(Point_2(0,0));
p.push_back(Point_2(4,0));
p.push_back(Point_2(4,4));
for(const Point_2& p : p.vertices()){
std::cout << p << std::endl;
}
// As the range is not light weight, we have to use a reference
const Polygon_2::Vertices& range = p.vertices();
for(auto it = range.begin(); it!= range.end(); ++it){
std::cout << *it << std::endl;
}
for(const Segment_2& e : p.edges()){
std::cout << e << std::endl;
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
CGAL::Polygon_2::Vertices
Container Vertices
a range type to iterate over the vertices
Definition: Polygon_2.h:124
Kernel::Segment_2

## Draw a Polygon

A polygon can be visualized by calling the CGAL::draw<P>() function as shown in the following example. This function opens a new window showing the given polygon. A call to this function is blocking, that is the program continues as soon as the user closes the window. Versions for polygons with holes and multipolygons with holes also exist, cf. CGAL::draw<PH>() and CGAL::draw<MPH>() .

Example: Polygon/draw_polygon.cpp

Show / Hide
#include <CGAL/Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel.h>
#include <CGAL/Polygon_2.h>
#include <CGAL/draw_polygon_2.h>
typedef CGAL::Exact_predicates_inexact_constructions_kernel K;
typedef CGAL::Polygon_2<K> Polygon_2;
typedef CGAL::Point_2<K> Point;
int main()
{
// create a polygon and put some points in it
Polygon_2 p;
p.push_back(Point(0,0));
p.push_back(Point(4,0));
p.push_back(Point(4,4));
p.push_back(Point(2,2));
p.push_back(Point(0,4));
CGAL::draw(p);
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
CGAL::Point_2
CGAL::draw
void draw(const MPH &aph)
opens a new window and draws aph, an instance of the CGAL::Multipolygon_with_holes_2 class.

This function requires `CGAL_Qt6`, and is only available if the macro `CGAL_USE_BASIC_VIEWER` is defined. Linking with the cmake target `CGAL::CGAL_Basic_viewer` will link with `CGAL_Qt6` and add the definition `CGAL_USE_BASIC_VIEWER`.

Figure 15.2 Result of the run of the draw_polygon program. A window shows the polygon and allows to navigate through the scene.